U.S. Debit Essay Example for Free

U.S. Debit Essay Advancement in technology has challenged the traditional way of transacting as new financial services which offer reduced costs of transactions and incorporates innovations to delivery channels thereby increasing more value to businesses, customers and business activities have been introduced into the market place. For instance the electronic financial transaction services such as debit cards which are used as an alternative to cash when making payment of purchases. The funds are withdrawn from the buyer’s bank account or the balance in the card. Technological advancement has introduced a debit card to be used over the internet. This mode of payment has gained popularity in many countries because it is flexible and usually reduces the expenses that arise when a person operates cash funds outside the general account. This system was introduced to meet the demands of consumers who needed a safe and secure way of accessing their account anytime and at any place (Kobliner, 2009). In US the department of Treasury Financial Management Services (FMS) for federal agencies runs the debit card program allowing individuals to make nonrecurring and miscellaneous payment. This department also offers federal agents access to money when on official duty because it provides centralized payment services to the federal agency as it operates the collection and deposit systems of the federal government. Moreover, the use of the debit card is deemed to reduce the workload of accountants, auditors, staff members, drivers of indirect cost and enterprise resource planning (ERP) integration. Apart from this the debit card program offers management of various other programs such as benefits/ pension, disaster relief and travel expenses among others (Evans Schmalensee, 2005). Furthermore, the US debit card program emanates strict management control guided by powerful reporting mechanisms thereby ensuring ease in fund distribution. The reporting mechanisms are categorized into two; from the primary research sources for example conduction of interviews on financial analysts, consultants of the field, marketers and public relations officers. The other reporting mechanism is from secondary research sources which includes gathering data from the company reports of relevant trade businesses, consumer demographics from research bureaus and from government sources (Evans Schmalensee, 2005). The use of debit card in US has gained popularity that it overshadows the use of the credit card which was launched earlier. Statistics show that today more than 8 billion US citizens owns and uses a debit card in comparison to about 274 debit card holders in the year 1990 (Walden Peg, 2007). In the year 2008 about USD 206 billion dollars were received from debit card transaction in comparison to USD203 billion dollars received from credit card transactions in the same year (Walden Peg, 2007). This can be based on the fact that there are two types of debit cards which include the single deposit debit cards and multiple deposit debit cards. Single deposit cards are usually used to pay card holders incentives, bonuses, one-time stipend among other services while the multiple deposit debit card is usually designed to make payment to debt card holders for emergencies, payroll and recurring payments among others (Walden Peg, 2007). The use of debit cards has been credited as a secure means of transaction as it eliminates chances of fraudulent acts because of the imposed personal identification number (PIN) which is issued to the card holder once they become legal debit card holders. A card reader which is a small hand device that works independently from the computer is used to read the chip on the credit card which contains the eight digits pass code of the pin (the digits were increased from four to eight to increase security measures). This fact makes it difficult for fraudsters to get access to the PIN and thus reduces the overall number of debit card theft cases (Kobliner, 2009). The debit card programs offers an accurate and simplified reconciliation system because transactions are satisfied at the till as they are directly connected to the bank accounts of card holders. This is because the point of sale (POS) system offers reports that can be directly counter checked with reports created by the bank concerning the activities of the card holder’s bank account. The use of debit card programs also ensures that opening up of individual accounts is rapid and results to a low risk start up for bulk. This program also ensures immediate distribution of the debit cards because the issuance process is instant. Debit card holders have the freedom of accessing their accounts at anytime and from any place because the services offered by the debit card program run for twenty four hours, are available online and offers a real time funding system. The debit cards can also be used at any ATM points and by merchants such as online casinos among other vendors worldwide. While using debit cards transactions are done rapidly thus reducing the long queues that are witnessed in shopping parlors and other transacting sites. Debit card holders are therefore, comfortable and satisfied by the services extended by the debit card programs because of their convenience and the ability of fulfilling their demands (Kobliner, 2009). However, debit card issuers that is, the financial institutions are faced with a major marketing problem on their earnings and spending because they earn less profit when their customers use debit cards than when they use credit cards. This is because the finance charges, late fees and annual fees charged on credit card holders are not charged on debit card holders. Thus in contrast to the benefit and convenience consumers and merchants enjoy, debit card issuers struggle to increase the profit margins of their businesses. To overcome this drawback debit card issuers have implemented financial fee charges used to help the institution cater for expenses incurred when formulating and implementing reward programs tied to debt cards to attract more customers especially because the use of debit cards for financial transactions is growing rapidly. This initiative has created tension between the banks and merchants because of the fee that the financial institutions charge when accepting the use of the plastic cards in place of money. Merchants are complaining that the financial institutions have increased the amount of the fees that they charge on the use of debit cards while on the other hand they offer little reward benefits when they lower the amount of the fee they charge (Mann, 2006). Despite this hitches debit card issuers are still encouraged to continue supporting this technology as they have been able to survive and even earn profit during the 2009 economic recession that has had a standstill effects on many transaction and business activities (Kobliner, 2009). Therefore, from the above facts it is quite clear that US as a country will greatly benefit from the implementation of debit card programs because of increased levels of income generation. This will also improve the livelihood and lifestyle of US citizens. Reference List Evans, S. D. Schmalensee, R. (2005). Paying with Plastic: The Digital Revolution in Buying and Borrowing. 2nd Ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kobliner, B. (2009). Get a Financial Life: Personal Finance in Your Twenties and Thirties. 3rd ED. NY: Simon Schuster. Mann, J. R. (2006). Charging Ahead: The Growth and Regulation of Payment Card Markets. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Walden, M. L. Peg, T. (2007). Battleground: Business. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.

slaverybel Impact of Slavery in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay

Impact of Slavery on the Individual Exposed in Beloved  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In her novel, Beloved, Toni Morrison conveys her strong feelings about slavery. One of the major themes throughout the book is the impact that slavery has on the individual.   Morrison utilizes the characters Mr. Garner and Schoolteacher to illustrate how slavery affects everyone in a different way.    Though Morrison portrays Mr. Garner as the more humane master, in actuality he is no different then Schoolteacher, because ultimately they are both slave owners. Morrison includes the character, Mr. Garner, to show that even if you allow your slaves to do certain activities, you are still a displeasing human being because you are a slave owner.   Garner allowed his slaves to choose wives, handle guns, learn to read and even purchase a mother's freedom.   Garner let Halle buy his mother,   Baby Suggs' freedom, but as Halle points out to Sethe , his wife,   " If he hadn't of, she would of dropped in his cooking stove...I pay him for her last years and in return he got you, me and three more coming up" ( Morrison, 195-96).   Garner allowed for one slave's freedom, but received stronger, younger slaves in her place, which in his mind made him the victor of the deal.      Schoolteacher on the other hand treated his slaves without any respect because he did not believe they deserved any.   He use to measure them with string as if they were animals and ask them foolish questions in order to conduct research.   He also involved his nephews in these dehumanizing acts by persuading them to physically abuse the slaves, while he watched.   At one point in the book, the narrator discusses Schoolteacher's views on how Garner ran the plantation, " the spoiling these p... ...th a degree of trust and respect he was still a slave owner and that had definite effects on his slaves.   Yes, Schoolteacher had a more devastating effect on his slaves because he held absolutely no respect or compassion for any of his slaves, but these two characters were not very different. As Halle says, "What they say is the same.   Loud or soft" (Morrison, 195).   Halle sums it up perfectly, it did not matter that they treated their slaves differently, because in the end, they both owned people.   And those people were permanently effected by being owned and what their owners, nice or not, did to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited    Kubitschek, M.D. Toni Morrison : A Critical Companion. London: Greenwood Press,   1998. Morrison, Tony. Beloved. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.         

Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Square Textile Ltd. started its operation in 1997. It was enlisted in Dhaka Stock Exchange & Chittagong Stock Exchange in 2002. The business lines of Square Textile Ltd. are manufacturing and marketing of yarn. Its factory is located in Gazipur , Dhaka. The manufactures 100% Cotton Ring Span Yarn or Hosiery , 100% Cotton OE Rotor For Hosiery and Knit Fabrics for 100% export oriented readymade Garments Industry. The strategic Goals and Objectives of the Company are to strive hard to optimize profit though conduction and transparent business operations and to create more competitive in the internal and external market. In home, customer of Square Textile Limited are export oriented readymade Garments Industry. The Company also exports its products to the market of Europe & USA . The export sells increased by 19% in 2003 over the previous year. Competition level is increasing both in local and abroad market . Competition will be more stiff after 2005 when multifiber agreement will be phaced out. Among the other foreign competitors Srilanka , China Pakistan and India are prominent. Square is one of the biggest employees in Bangladesh. It has a personnel and administrative department . The total number of employees are 1223. For the employees there are systematic in house training in home and abroad . The managing director, the CEO is the head of the executive management team . Below in there are directors , executive directors and general manager. Under the direct super vision of the general manager a number of departments are controlled. The Company is going through continuous growth in production . The total production increased year on year basis at the rates of 0. 43% and 1. 467% during 2002 and 2003 respectively . The Company’s operations are out on a aggregate basis and are managed as a single opportunity segment . The Company uses Computer Aided Design (CAD) , Computer Aides Spreading (CAS) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) in its plant to increase the overall efficiency and productivity. OBJECTIVE: The broad objective of this report is to provide an overview of HRM practice of Square Textiles Ltd. The specific objectives of this report are : †¢ To provide Company overview †¢ To provide market overview and analysis †¢ To reveal operational, management and HRM planning. †¢ Discuss all HRM practice METHOLODGY: To prepare this report we have collected data from different published materials. Then we have conducted a secondary study. After that we have prepared a questionnaire and took interview one of the executive serving in this Company. We also collect data from internet . This way we collected primary data. Thus we have used both primary and secondary report to prepare this report. INTRODUCTION: This report is prepared as a requirement of the course â€Å"Seminar in Human Resource Management. † We selected Square Textiles Ltd. Working on this organization we came to know various Kind of HRM practice which are use here. Though it is a textile, it has proved itself in the related industry s a major competitor. In this report we have followed the guidelines provided by the teacher. Here we have tasked not only the HRM practice but also the marketing, management, finance and operational area of the Company. 5. Human resource management 5. 1. Human resource planning Square has a personal and administrative Department . Square is one of the biggest employers in Bang ladesh. The total number of employers in Bangladesh . The total number of employees is 1,223. For the employees there are systematic in house training in home and abroad . To motivate the employees, along with salary and benefits the company provides various facilities like free meals , free transportation , 24 hour medical center , on site sports . Production and accommodation facilities includes full time supply of safe drinking water, adequate lighting and ventilation facilities from sheet. 5. 2 HR Practices of SQUARE textile Recruitment Training Performance Management Labor relation Employee relation Job analysis Job design Selection Development Incentives Benefits 5. 2. 1 Recruitment and Selection process in SQUARE Recruitment is the process trough which the organization seeks applicants for potential employment. Selection refers to the process by which it attempts to identify applicants with the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics that will help the company achieve its goals, companies engaging in different strategies need different types and numbers of employees. The strategy a company is pursuing will have a direct impact on the types of employees that it seeks to recruit and selection. Source of recruitment There are two kinds of source SQUARE uses for recruitment . They are 1. External source 2. Internal source. We try to discuss all relative sources which are used for recruitment in SQUARE. 1. Internal source SQUARE thinks that current employees are a major source of recruits for all but entry-level positions. Whether for promotions or for ‘Lateral’ job transfers, internal candidates already know the informal organization and have detailed information about its formal policies and procedures. Promotions and transfer are typically decided by operating managers with little involvement by HR department. 1. 1Job-posting programs HR departments become involved when internal job openings are publicized to employees through job positioning programs, which informs employees about opening and required qualifications and invite qualify employees to apply. The notices usually are posted on company bulletin boards or are placed in the company newspaper. Qualification and other facts typically are drawn from the job analysis information. The purpose of job posting is to encourage employees to seek promotion and transfers the help the HR department fill internal opening and meet employee’s personal objectives. Not all jobs openings are posted . Besides entry level positions, senior management and top stuff positions may be filled by merit or with external recruiting. Job posting is most common for lower level clerical, technical and supervisory positions. 1. 2 Departing Employees An often overlooked source of recruiters consists of departing employees. Many employees leave because they can no longer work the traditional 40 hours work week . School, child care needs and other commitments are the common reason. Some might gladly stay if they could rearrange their hours of work or their responsibilities . Instead, they quit when a transfer to a part-time job may retain their valuable skill and training. Even if part-time work is not a solution, a temporary leave of absence may satisfy the employee and some future recruiting need of the employer. 2. External source When job opening cannot be filled internally, the HR department of SQUARE must look outside the organization for applicants. We discuss all the external source of recruitment at bellow: 2. 1 Walk-ins and Write-ins: Walk-ins are some seekers who arrived at the HR department of SQUARE in search of a job; Write-ins are those who send a written enquire . both groups normally are ask to complete and application blank to determine their interest and abilities. Usable application is kept in an active file until a suitable opening occurs or until an application is too old to be considered valid, usually six months. 2. 2 Employee referrals: Employees may refer job seekers to the HR department . Employee referrals have several advantages . Employees with hard –to –find job skill may no others who do the same work. Employees referrals are excellent and legal recruitment technique, but they tend to maintain the status quo of the work force in term of raise , religions , sex and other characteristics , possibly leading to charges of discrimination. 2. 3 Advertising Want ads describe the job and the benefits, identify the employer, and tell those who are interested how to apply . They are most familiar form of employment advertising . for highly specialist requites, ads may be placed in professional journal or out of town newspaper in areas with high concentration of the desired skills Example: General Manager- production (ref: PM) Age: 28-35 years; Graduate with specialization in garment mfg technology from NIFT or equiv. -Minimum 10 years experience in similar position of a unit with a minimum of 1000machines. -Must have detailed hands on knowledge of industrial engineering. We offer competitive salary which is commensurate with experience and qualification. If you aspire to an exiting and rewar ding career , send your detailed resume, quoting your present and expected salaries to jobs. 2. 4 Internet Now today no body thinks anything without internet. So SQUARE give their advertise at internet. Example: WWW. bdjobs. com www. square. bd. com Executive summary The highly anticipated and much celebrated release of the newest and perhaps hippest cellular phone on the market has spurred a number of discussions on the applicability of these devices to other forums.   An important change which has revolutionized not only the way people interact and do business with one another but also the way relationships are formed in this world is the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell could never have imagined that phones today allow people to surf the internet and also watch movies.   The telephone has become such an integral part of the everyday lives of people.   This role is even expected to only become more and more important as the next generation of cellular phones will allow users to watch videos and talk to each other onscreen. This short discourse will therefore discuss the different marketing strategies for mobile phone providers.   This includes the features that are offered in the market for current cellular phones such as the WAP access and even the video or camera quality.   As shown in other pertinent marketing studies that will be discussed in this discourse, there are also other important considerations that consumers take into their decision making process with regard to the purchase of a mobile phone unit.   Using projective techniques and perceptual mapping techniques, this study will attempt to show which of these new features and marketing strategies have the greatest impact on the mobile phone industry.    Executive summary The highly anticipated and much celebrated release of the newest and perhaps hippest cellular phone on the market has spurred a number of discussions on the applicability of these devices to other forums.   An important change which has revolutionized not only the way people interact and do business with one another but also the way relationships are formed in this world is the telephone. Alexander Graham Bell could never have imagined that phones today allow people to surf the internet and also watch movies.   The telephone has become such an integral part of the everyday lives of people.   This role is even expected to only become more and more important as the next generation of cellular phones will allow users to watch videos and talk to each other onscreen. This short discourse will therefore discuss the different marketing strategies for mobile phone providers.   This includes the features that are offered in the market for current cellular phones such as the WAP access and even the video or camera quality.   As shown in other pertinent marketing studies that will be discussed in this discourse, there are also other important considerations that consumers take into their decision making process with regard to the purchase of a mobile phone unit.   Using projective techniques and perceptual mapping techniques, this study will attempt to show which of these new features and marketing strategies have the greatest impact on the mobile phone industry.   

The Rise Of Labor Unions, Strikes, Protests And Uprisings...

The later half of the 19th century was characterized by the rise of labor unions, strikes, protests and uprisings. Starting in the 1960s, workers started to feel strongly the presence and pressure of instability in social mobility. â€Å"The truth could hardly be denied. Class, as defined in terms of dignity, was increasingly insecure† [Isenberg[8]] The gap between the rich and the poor became wider and the working class erroneously placed in-between began to question their identity and in the process seek to define and defend this new identity Capitalist America was witnessing a boom in production as industrialism became more and more prominent. The gap between the rich and the poor continued to widen and eventually would evolve to create a new class. The Marxism theory identified the rise of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat; the bourgeoisie consisted of those who owned capital and supplied the means of production while the proletariat were the laborers who owned only thei r labor and offered it up to the bourgeoisie in return for wages. According to the Marxism theory, the definition of the working class was simply made up of people who simply offered up work. The inclusion of the Marxism theory above serves to clearly and simply define who the stakeholders were in the Industrial labor system. 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